Global Health Economics.
Revill, Paul.
Global Health Economics. - 1 online resource (378 pages) - World Scientific Series In Global Health Economics And Public Policy ; v.5 . - World Scientific Series In Global Health Economics And Public Policy .
Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- About the Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1. Background -- 2. Objectives -- 3. Organization of the Book -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Funding Acknowledgments -- Editorial - Global Health Economics Research and Policymaking: A Perspective from a Global Health Think Tank -- References -- Part 1 Health Care Provision and Health -- Chapter 1 Assessing the Impact of Health Care Expenditures on Mortality Using Cross-Country Data -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. BGG model -- 2.2. MSS model -- 2.3. A hybrid model -- 2.3.1. Data structure -- 2.3.2. Outcome variables -- 2.3.3. Health care expenditure -- 2.3.4. Instrumental variables -- 2.3.5. Covariates -- 3. Data -- 3.1. Data imputation -- 4. Results -- 4.1. Replication results -- 4.1.1. Replication of BGG -- 4.1.2. Sensitivity checks -- 4.1.3. Replication of MSS -- 4.1.4. Sensitivity checks -- 4.2. Hybrid model analysis -- 4.2.1. Hybrid model analysis BGG: The "traditional IV approach" -- 4.2.2. Sensitivity checks -- 4.2.3. Streamlined model analysis MSS: The "Br�uckner IV approach" -- 4.2.4. Sensitivity checks -- 4.3. Specification and robustness checks -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1. Data limitations -- 5.2. Methodological limitations -- 5.3. Policy implications -- 5.4. Implications for future research -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 2 Economic Evaluation -- Chapter 2 Allocating Scarce Resources - Tools for Priority Setting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Understanding Available Priority Setting Tools for Use in LMICs -- 2.1. Review of priority setting tools -- 2.1.1. Cost-benefit analysis -- 2.1.2. Cost-effectiveness analysis -- 2.1.3. Generalized cost-effectiveness analysis -- 2.1.4. Extended cost-effectiveness analysis -- 2.1.5. Multicriteria decision analysis -- 2.1.6. Mathematical programming -- 3. Discussion -- References. Chapter 3 Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds: Guiding Health Care Spending for Population Health Improvement -- Summary -- 1. Part 1: Introduction -- 2. Part 2. Deciding When to Invest in Health Care Interventions - A Guide for Policymakers -- 2.1. Who is this guide for? -- 2.2. What is the challenge facing policymakers and budget holders? -- 2.3. What assessments are required when choosing a cost-effectiveness threshold for use within a jurisdiction or by an organization? -- 2.4. Contrasting demand-side and supply-side estimates of CETs -- 2.5. What estimates of suitable thresholds for particular jurisdictions or organizations are available? -- 2.6. What CETs should be used if interventions draw upon resources not generally available for use across the whole health sector? -- 2.7. Are there other judgements, in addition to supply-side-based CETs, that are required when deciding whether to invest in particular interventions? -- 3. Part 3: Informing Health Care Investment Decisions - A Guide for Analysts -- 3.1. Who is this guide for? -- 3.2. What types of decisions does this guide inform? -- 3.3. The important distinction between "demand-side" and "supply-side" CETs -- 3.4. What "demand-side" CETs exist and have been used? -- 3.4.1. 50k and �30k per QALY CETs -- 3.4.2. CETs 1-3 times GDP per capita in a country -- 3.4.3. Stated preferences: Social value of a QALY studies -- 3.4.4. Revealed preferences: The value of a statistical life studies -- 3.5. What "supply-side" thresholds exist and can be used? -- 3.5.1. Claxton et al. (2015a) -- 3.5.2. Woods et al. (2015, 2016) -- 3.5.3. Ochalek et al. (2018) -- 4. Part 4. A Summary of the Evidence on Supply-Side Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds -- References -- Chapter 4 Fairer Decisions, Better Health for All: Health Equity and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Concepts. 2.1. Cost-effectiveness analysis -- 2.2. Health equity -- 2.3. Accounting for the social distribution of opportunity costs -- 2.4. Trade-offs between total health and health equity -- 2.5. Measuring health equity impacts -- 2.6. Quantifying health equity trade-offs -- 3. Different Approaches to Equity-Informative CEA -- 3.1. Equity evidence review -- 3.2. Equity impact analysis -- 3.3. Equity trade-off analysis -- 3.3.1 Equity constraint analysis -- 3.3.2. Equity weighting analysis -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Economic Evaluation of Social Care and Informal Care Interventions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Study sample -- 2.2. Survey design -- 2.3. Survey implementation -- 2.4. Case studies -- 2.5. Definition of social care interventions and informal care -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Availability of official HTA and PES guidelines by national income category (n = 20) -- 3.2. Health outcome measures preferred by countries with official HTA and PES guidelines (n = 8) -- 3.3. Use of informal care in official guidelines -- 3.4. Interventions evaluated using economic evaluation -- 4. Case Studies -- 5. Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 3 Health System Issues -- Chapter 6 Paying for Performance for Health Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Economic Perspective -- 1. Introduction -- 2. P4P from an Economic Perspective -- 2.1. Delegation and conditionality -- 2.2. The design of P4P schemes -- 2.2.1. Linear versus nonlinear incentive schemes -- 2.2.2. Budget neutrality -- 2.2.3. Sticks or carrots? -- 2.3. Unintended consequences -- 2.3.1. Multitasking -- 2.3.2. Gaming -- 2.3.3. Selection or cherry-picking -- 2.3.4. Equity concerns -- 2.3.5. Crowding out -- 3. P4P Programme Evidence in LMIC -- 3.1. Programme characteristics. 3.2. Have they worked? Evidence from evaluated P4P programmes -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Public Financial Management and Health Service Delivery: A Literature Review -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 3. Results -- 3.1. PFM system quality -- 3.2. Quality of governance -- 3.3. Impact of PFM reforms -- 3.3.1. Impact of PFM reforms: Medium-term-expenditure frameworks -- 3.3.2. Impact of PFM reforms: Fiscal and budget transparency -- 3.3.3. Impact of PFM reforms: Participatory budgeting and community scorecards -- 3.4. Fiscal decentralization -- 3.5. Other PFM reforms -- 3.5.1. Impact of donor-related reforms -- 3.6. Reviewing the identified hypotheses -- 3.7. Summary of the evidence -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Demand-Side Financing in Health in Low-Resource Settings -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. DSF in Nepal 1 barriers to maternal services and the need for DSF in Nepal -- 2. Demand-Side Financing Mechanisms -- 2.1. DSF in Nepal 2: The government's policy response -- 3. Evidence on DSF Effectiveness and Impact -- 3.1. DSF in Nepal 3: Assessing the effectiveness of DSF -- 4. Lessons from DSF Experience in Low-Income Contexts -- 4.1. Demand-side funding complements well-funded service provision -- 4.2. How sustainable are DSF mechanisms? -- 4.3. Does DSF encourage unhealthy behavior? -- 4.4. Do DSF mechanisms swap one information asymmetry for another? -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 A New Approach to Measuring Health Development: From National Income Toward Health Coverage (and Beyond) -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Theoretical background and data sources -- 2.2. Measuring access to care and health needs -- 2.3. Measuring financial protection in health -- 2.4. A flexible approach: Incorporating information on financial constraints. 2.5. The computation of health development indices -- 2.5.1. Access to care index -- 2.5.2. Financial protection index -- 2.5.3. Constraints index -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Overview -- 3.2. A closer look: Comparisons of health development indices and GNI classification for selected countries -- 3.3. Relative importance of access to care and financial protection for measured levels of health development -- 3.4. Computation of health development indices using subnational data: The case of India -- 4. Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Key Messages -- References -- Case Studies Application of Methods -- Chapter 10 Supporting the Development of Health Benefits Packages (HBPs): Principles and Initial Assessment for Malawi -- 1. Background -- 2. Methods -- 3. Findings and Discussion -- Key Messages -- References -- Chapter 11 Modelling and Economic Evaluation to Inform WHO HIV Treatment Guidelines -- 1. Background -- 2. Economic Evaluation in WHO HIV Treatment Guidelines -- 3. Implications and Discussion -- Key Messages -- References -- Chapter 12 Evaluating the 2014 Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax in Chile: Observational Evidence from Urban Areas -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Volume of soft drinks purchased -- 4. Discussion -- 4.1. Implications for future research -- 4.2. Implications for policy -- References -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 Supply-Side Cost-Effectiveness Threshold Estimates for All Countries -- Appendix 2 Economic Evaluation of Social Care Interventions and Informal Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries - Online Survey -- Supplementary Data - A New Approach to Measuring Health Development: From National Income Toward Health Coverage (and Beyond) -- 1. Further Results for the Computation of Health Development Indices -- 1.1. Composition of quartiles of health development indices by world regions. 1.2. Comparisons of changes in health development rankings for selected income groups and countries.
9789813272378
Electronic books.
Global Health Economics. - 1 online resource (378 pages) - World Scientific Series In Global Health Economics And Public Policy ; v.5 . - World Scientific Series In Global Health Economics And Public Policy .
Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- About the Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1. Background -- 2. Objectives -- 3. Organization of the Book -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Funding Acknowledgments -- Editorial - Global Health Economics Research and Policymaking: A Perspective from a Global Health Think Tank -- References -- Part 1 Health Care Provision and Health -- Chapter 1 Assessing the Impact of Health Care Expenditures on Mortality Using Cross-Country Data -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. BGG model -- 2.2. MSS model -- 2.3. A hybrid model -- 2.3.1. Data structure -- 2.3.2. Outcome variables -- 2.3.3. Health care expenditure -- 2.3.4. Instrumental variables -- 2.3.5. Covariates -- 3. Data -- 3.1. Data imputation -- 4. Results -- 4.1. Replication results -- 4.1.1. Replication of BGG -- 4.1.2. Sensitivity checks -- 4.1.3. Replication of MSS -- 4.1.4. Sensitivity checks -- 4.2. Hybrid model analysis -- 4.2.1. Hybrid model analysis BGG: The "traditional IV approach" -- 4.2.2. Sensitivity checks -- 4.2.3. Streamlined model analysis MSS: The "Br�uckner IV approach" -- 4.2.4. Sensitivity checks -- 4.3. Specification and robustness checks -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1. Data limitations -- 5.2. Methodological limitations -- 5.3. Policy implications -- 5.4. Implications for future research -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 2 Economic Evaluation -- Chapter 2 Allocating Scarce Resources - Tools for Priority Setting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Understanding Available Priority Setting Tools for Use in LMICs -- 2.1. Review of priority setting tools -- 2.1.1. Cost-benefit analysis -- 2.1.2. Cost-effectiveness analysis -- 2.1.3. Generalized cost-effectiveness analysis -- 2.1.4. Extended cost-effectiveness analysis -- 2.1.5. Multicriteria decision analysis -- 2.1.6. Mathematical programming -- 3. Discussion -- References. Chapter 3 Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds: Guiding Health Care Spending for Population Health Improvement -- Summary -- 1. Part 1: Introduction -- 2. Part 2. Deciding When to Invest in Health Care Interventions - A Guide for Policymakers -- 2.1. Who is this guide for? -- 2.2. What is the challenge facing policymakers and budget holders? -- 2.3. What assessments are required when choosing a cost-effectiveness threshold for use within a jurisdiction or by an organization? -- 2.4. Contrasting demand-side and supply-side estimates of CETs -- 2.5. What estimates of suitable thresholds for particular jurisdictions or organizations are available? -- 2.6. What CETs should be used if interventions draw upon resources not generally available for use across the whole health sector? -- 2.7. Are there other judgements, in addition to supply-side-based CETs, that are required when deciding whether to invest in particular interventions? -- 3. Part 3: Informing Health Care Investment Decisions - A Guide for Analysts -- 3.1. Who is this guide for? -- 3.2. What types of decisions does this guide inform? -- 3.3. The important distinction between "demand-side" and "supply-side" CETs -- 3.4. What "demand-side" CETs exist and have been used? -- 3.4.1. 50k and �30k per QALY CETs -- 3.4.2. CETs 1-3 times GDP per capita in a country -- 3.4.3. Stated preferences: Social value of a QALY studies -- 3.4.4. Revealed preferences: The value of a statistical life studies -- 3.5. What "supply-side" thresholds exist and can be used? -- 3.5.1. Claxton et al. (2015a) -- 3.5.2. Woods et al. (2015, 2016) -- 3.5.3. Ochalek et al. (2018) -- 4. Part 4. A Summary of the Evidence on Supply-Side Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds -- References -- Chapter 4 Fairer Decisions, Better Health for All: Health Equity and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Concepts. 2.1. Cost-effectiveness analysis -- 2.2. Health equity -- 2.3. Accounting for the social distribution of opportunity costs -- 2.4. Trade-offs between total health and health equity -- 2.5. Measuring health equity impacts -- 2.6. Quantifying health equity trade-offs -- 3. Different Approaches to Equity-Informative CEA -- 3.1. Equity evidence review -- 3.2. Equity impact analysis -- 3.3. Equity trade-off analysis -- 3.3.1 Equity constraint analysis -- 3.3.2. Equity weighting analysis -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Economic Evaluation of Social Care and Informal Care Interventions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Study sample -- 2.2. Survey design -- 2.3. Survey implementation -- 2.4. Case studies -- 2.5. Definition of social care interventions and informal care -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Availability of official HTA and PES guidelines by national income category (n = 20) -- 3.2. Health outcome measures preferred by countries with official HTA and PES guidelines (n = 8) -- 3.3. Use of informal care in official guidelines -- 3.4. Interventions evaluated using economic evaluation -- 4. Case Studies -- 5. Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 3 Health System Issues -- Chapter 6 Paying for Performance for Health Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Economic Perspective -- 1. Introduction -- 2. P4P from an Economic Perspective -- 2.1. Delegation and conditionality -- 2.2. The design of P4P schemes -- 2.2.1. Linear versus nonlinear incentive schemes -- 2.2.2. Budget neutrality -- 2.2.3. Sticks or carrots? -- 2.3. Unintended consequences -- 2.3.1. Multitasking -- 2.3.2. Gaming -- 2.3.3. Selection or cherry-picking -- 2.3.4. Equity concerns -- 2.3.5. Crowding out -- 3. P4P Programme Evidence in LMIC -- 3.1. Programme characteristics. 3.2. Have they worked? Evidence from evaluated P4P programmes -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Public Financial Management and Health Service Delivery: A Literature Review -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 3. Results -- 3.1. PFM system quality -- 3.2. Quality of governance -- 3.3. Impact of PFM reforms -- 3.3.1. Impact of PFM reforms: Medium-term-expenditure frameworks -- 3.3.2. Impact of PFM reforms: Fiscal and budget transparency -- 3.3.3. Impact of PFM reforms: Participatory budgeting and community scorecards -- 3.4. Fiscal decentralization -- 3.5. Other PFM reforms -- 3.5.1. Impact of donor-related reforms -- 3.6. Reviewing the identified hypotheses -- 3.7. Summary of the evidence -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Demand-Side Financing in Health in Low-Resource Settings -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. DSF in Nepal 1 barriers to maternal services and the need for DSF in Nepal -- 2. Demand-Side Financing Mechanisms -- 2.1. DSF in Nepal 2: The government's policy response -- 3. Evidence on DSF Effectiveness and Impact -- 3.1. DSF in Nepal 3: Assessing the effectiveness of DSF -- 4. Lessons from DSF Experience in Low-Income Contexts -- 4.1. Demand-side funding complements well-funded service provision -- 4.2. How sustainable are DSF mechanisms? -- 4.3. Does DSF encourage unhealthy behavior? -- 4.4. Do DSF mechanisms swap one information asymmetry for another? -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 A New Approach to Measuring Health Development: From National Income Toward Health Coverage (and Beyond) -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Theoretical background and data sources -- 2.2. Measuring access to care and health needs -- 2.3. Measuring financial protection in health -- 2.4. A flexible approach: Incorporating information on financial constraints. 2.5. The computation of health development indices -- 2.5.1. Access to care index -- 2.5.2. Financial protection index -- 2.5.3. Constraints index -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Overview -- 3.2. A closer look: Comparisons of health development indices and GNI classification for selected countries -- 3.3. Relative importance of access to care and financial protection for measured levels of health development -- 3.4. Computation of health development indices using subnational data: The case of India -- 4. Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Key Messages -- References -- Case Studies Application of Methods -- Chapter 10 Supporting the Development of Health Benefits Packages (HBPs): Principles and Initial Assessment for Malawi -- 1. Background -- 2. Methods -- 3. Findings and Discussion -- Key Messages -- References -- Chapter 11 Modelling and Economic Evaluation to Inform WHO HIV Treatment Guidelines -- 1. Background -- 2. Economic Evaluation in WHO HIV Treatment Guidelines -- 3. Implications and Discussion -- Key Messages -- References -- Chapter 12 Evaluating the 2014 Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax in Chile: Observational Evidence from Urban Areas -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Volume of soft drinks purchased -- 4. Discussion -- 4.1. Implications for future research -- 4.2. Implications for policy -- References -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 Supply-Side Cost-Effectiveness Threshold Estimates for All Countries -- Appendix 2 Economic Evaluation of Social Care Interventions and Informal Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries - Online Survey -- Supplementary Data - A New Approach to Measuring Health Development: From National Income Toward Health Coverage (and Beyond) -- 1. Further Results for the Computation of Health Development Indices -- 1.1. Composition of quartiles of health development indices by world regions. 1.2. Comparisons of changes in health development rankings for selected income groups and countries.
9789813272378
Electronic books.