X-Ray Contrast Media : Overview, Use and Pharmaceutical Aspects.

Intro -- CONTENT -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- Historical Aspects -- Contrast media in X-ray imaging -- Visualization of functions -- Morphology -- 2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF X-RAY CONTRAST MEDIA -- Physical Principles -- 3 STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF X-RAY CONTRAST MEDIA -- Barium Sulfate -- Lipiodol -- Water-soluble contrast media -- Chemical structure, biological behavior and use -- High-osmolar, ionic contrast media -- Low-osmolar substances -- Nonionic contrast media -- Osmolality and side effects caused by hypertonicity -- Ionic contrast media -- Contrast media for intravenous cholegraphy -- Cations -- Synthesis of water-soluble contrast media -- 4 DEGRADATION OF IODINATED X-RAY CONTRAST MEDIA -- 5 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER-SOLUBLE CONTRAST MEDIA -- Water solubility -- Viscosity/Temperature -- Osmolality -- Hydrophilia/Lipophilia -- Electrical charge -- Specific gravity/Density -- Others -- 6 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCT QUALITY -- Practical information at a glance -- Purity of the active ingredient, by-products and degradation products -- Formulations -- Additives -- Microbiological quality of the finished product -- Production under controlled environmental conditions -- Production process -- Sterile filtration, ultrafiltration and sterilization -- Sterility test -- Test for pyrogens -- Preservation of product quality in hospitals and practices -- Stability in long-term storage and at different temperatures -- Sensitivity to irradiation and light: white glass, brown glass, and UV-protective foil -- Tests for contamination with particles -- Risks of microbial contamination -- Transferring the contrast medium to sterile containers, disposable syringes, automatic injectors -- Transferring to sterile containers -- Drawing-up into disposable syringes or automatic injectors -- Use of large-volume CM bottles -- 7 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CM.

Biochemical-pharmacological properties -- Protein binding -- Complement activation -- Enzyme inhibition -- Influence on blood cells -- Histamine release -- Pharmacological-Toxicological Properties -- Tolerance limits -- Effects on the cardiovascular system -- Influence on renal function -- Allergic and pseudoallergic hypersensitivity reactions -- Endothelial damage -- Nervous system -- Pharmacokinetics -- 8 USES OF X-RAY CONTRAST MEDIA -- Modes of opacification -- 9 INTERACTIONS -- Influence on laboratory tests -- Interaction with medications -- Interaction of contrast media with additives and during interventional procedures -- Effects on blood coagulation -- 10 RISKS OF CONTRAST MEDIA USE -- Barium sulfate -- Ionic contrast media -- Nonionic contrast media -- Delayed reactions -- Causes of contrast media reactions -- General reactions (anaphylactoid reactions) -- Prophylaxis of general reactions -- Dose-dependent side effects -- Prophylaxis and therapy of severe iodine-induced hyperthyroidism -- Renal damage -- Renal insufficiency -- Plasmocytoma -- Diabetes mellitus -- Prophylaxis -- Pregnant patients -- Breast-feeding mothers -- Pheochromocytoma -- Sickle-cell anemia -- 11 DRUGS AND MEASURES FOR THE TREATMENT OF A CONTRAST MEDIUM REACTION -- Notes on the prophylaxis and therapy of X-ray contrast medium adverse effects -- Main risk factors* and prophylactic measures on use of X-ray contrast media -- First line treatment of contrast medium adverse reactions -- 12 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF CONTRAST MEDIA -- REFERENCES.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2022. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.